![]() More specifically, the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) rule the energy storage system through electrocatalytic water splitting the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) and the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) control fuel cells and the ORR and OER are predominant in electrochemically rechargeable metal–air batteries ( Li et al., 2019). Each of these conversion systems, i.e., water electrolysis, regenerative fuel cells, and rechargeable metal–air batteries, use different electrochemical conversion pathways. ![]() ![]() Water electrolysis, regenerative fuel cells, and rechargeable metal–air batteries are among the sustainable energy conversion systems able to convert molecules abundant in the environment, such as water, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen, into useful products such as hydrogen, hydrocarbons, and ammonia ( Jiang et al., 2019 Li et al., 2019 Ullah et al., 2021 Li et al., 2022). The simultaneous rapid decline of fossil fuels as energy resources and their deteriorating effects due to environmental pollution have inspired scientists and engineers worldwide to develop clean energy through renewable energy sources ( Li et al., 2019 Devadas et al., 2020). The improved bifunctional catalytic activity of the 2 composite by annealing was discussed and attributed to the reduced number of bulk oxygen vacancies and the increased number of established heterojunctions. We observed good bifunctional catalytic activity of the 2 composites toward HER and OER in both electrolytes. The electrochemical activity of the samples was investigated by linear sweep voltammetry in acidic and alkaline electrolytes. The physicochemical properties of the 2 composites were investigated by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. A 2 composite in a 10:1 molar ratio was synthesized by microwave processing of a precipitate as a green, low-cost, and fast method, and then annealed at 300☌ and 600☌ to improve the catalytic properties. This study aimed to reduce the cost of PGM materials by replacing Ru with RuO 2 and lowering the amount of RuO 2 by adding abundant and multifunctional ZnO. There is a need to find an alternative to expensive and unavailable platinum group metal (PGM) catalysts. 6Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, SloveniaĬatalytic materials are the greatest challenge for the commercial application of water electrolysis (WEs) and fuel cells (FCs) as clean energy technologies.5Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.4Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Zemun, Serbia.3Faculty of Physics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.2Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.1Institute of Technical Sciences of SASA, Belgrade, Serbia.Katarina Aleksić 1 †, Ivana Stojković Simatović 2* †, Ana Stanković 1, Ljiljana Veselinović 1, Stevan Stojadinović 3, Vladislav Rac 4, Nadežda Radmilović 5, Vladimir Rajić 5, Srečo Davor Škapin 6, Lidija Mančić 1 and Smilja Marković 1* †
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